Der arabische Wortschatz
Vor Islam persisch/griechische Einfluss. Verwaltung, Kultur, Nicht einheitlich, Einfach, p wurde durch f ersetzt,
Nach Islam Währung
Sprachreinheit Die Araber sind wahrscheinlich seit Islam und ihre heilige Buch Koran sehr empfindlich gegenüber die Reinheit ihre Wortschatz von Fremdwörtern. Sie glauben dass fremd Wörter ihre Sprachwert schmälert. Sie fühlen sich wohler mit Lehnübersetzungen die unsichtbar sind. Wörter die nicht auf drei Konsonanten (Radikale die die Kernbedeutung tragen) oder diptotisch dekliniert werden kann man oft als Fremdwörter ausweisen
Nach der Industrialisierung wurden Namen diese Produkte übernommen. Zum Teil haben Araber versucht arabische Übersetzungen bereit zu stellen in dem Glauben das auf diese Weise ihre Sprache rein bleibt (siehe arabische Besessenheit mit Reinheit der Sprache und dass Koran keine Fremdwörter enthält. Rundfunk, Fernsehen, Telefon und Presse
Arabische Haltung gegenüber Entlehnungen Arabische sprachinstitutionen nach dem französischen Vorbild
Lehnübersetzungen
Freizeit, free time ﻍﺍﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻭ
In digitale Informationszeitalter und Satteliteanlagen.
Entlehnungen Sachgebiete Entlehnungen betreffen folgende Sachgebiete. Einige Sachgebiete wie Verwaltung sind Entlehnungen die vor Islam. Vokabeln die sich auf Technik beziehen sind nach der Industrialisierung entlehnt auch Sprache der Journalisten und Medizin
Bildung ﺱﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺍ
Botanik ﻍﺎﻨﺒﺳﺍ ﻂﻳﻧﺮﻗ
ﻝﺎﻘﺗﺮﺑ
Film ﺏﻮﻜﺳ ﺎﻤﻨﻳﺳ ﻢﻠﻓ ﻮﻳﺭﺎﻨﻳﺳ
Medizin ﺍﺮﻳﻟﻮﻛ ﺎﻳﺯﺭﺎﻬﻠﺑ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻓﺩ
Musik ﻮﻧﺎﻳﺑ ﻰﻘﻳﺳﻮﻣ
Politik ﺮﻳﺗﺮﻜﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺑﺩ
Religion ﺱﻭﺩﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺩ
Soziologie ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﻄﺘﺳﺭﺍ ﻱﺯﺍﻮﺟﺮﺑ
Technologie ﻮﻳﺩﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﻮﻔﻠﺗ
Finanz und Währung ﺵﺮﻗ ﺭﺎﻨﻳﺩ
Emphatisierung der Fremdlaute
Dehnung der Vokale
Lexika sind so zusagen eine Art etymologische Wörterbücher wenn es um Wortbildung geht
die auf drei arabische Radikale zurückgeht. Okeanos ﻂﻳﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻂﻳﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺤﻣ
Beschäftigung mit Arabisch nach Islam Grammatikbücher und Sprachuntersuchung
abbot - O.E. abbud, from L. abbatem (nom. abbas), from Gk. abbas, from Aramaic abba, title of honor, lit. "the father, my father," emphatic state of abh "father." The L. fem. abbatissa is root of abbess.
Abel - masc. proper name, in O.T., second son of Adam and Eve, from Heb. Hebhel, lit. "breath," also "vanity."
almah - Egyptian dancing-girl, belly-dancer, 1814, from Ar. almah (fem. adj.), "learned, knowing," from alama "to know."
algebra - 1551, from M.L. from Ar. al jebr "reunion of broken parts" as in computation, used 9c. by <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Baghdad</st1:place></st1:city> mathematician Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi as the title of his famous treatise on equations ("Kitab al-Jabr w'al-Muqabala" "Rules of Reintegration and Reduction"), which also introduced Arabic numerals to the West. The accent shifted 17c. from second syllable to first. The word was used in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Eng.</st1:place></st1:country-region> 15c.-16c. to mean "bone-setting," probably from the Arabs in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Allah ﷲﺍ arabisch der God aus alt semitische Wurzel biblische Elohim, mesopothamische ilu hebräisch el (Macht), eloah, elohiym (Mehrzahl die manchmal als Hinweis auf Trinität gedeutet, andere glauben dass es die Form für Majestät ist, aramäisch elaahh Das Wort alla ist bereits vor Islam in Arabien bekannt und somit war der heidnischen Mekkaner vertraut. Es existierten viele Götter. Es bezog sich auf ein Gott oder viele Götte Nach Islam Allah
hat 99 schönestenNamen ﻰﻨﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺳﺃ. Einige Attribute waren rabbu al-bayti (Herr des Hauses /kaaba auch bekannt als Hubal), Das Wort allah spielt eine sehr wichtige Rolle bei den Arabern und gewinnt weitere Bedeutungenskmponente wie z.B. allah! wie schön. Vgl. folgende Wörter:
ﷲﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﷲﺎﺑ ﺫﻮﻋﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺀﺎﺷﺎﻣ ﷲﺍﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ wobei die Ausdrücke ﷲﺍﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ und ﷲﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﻛﺍ ﷲﺍ
Allaah als Gottes Name wurde von anderen islamischen Völker nicht angenommen als zum Beispiel pers. kurd. khouda, turk tenri und Malay tuhan.
Ard ﺽﺭﺃ Die Tatsache dass das Wort Ähnlichkeit mit dt. Erde, engl. earth
Dhimi
Dirham ﻢﻫﺭﺩ pers. Direm aus dem gr. Wahrscheinlich über das pers.
GABRIEL ﻞﻳﺋﺍﺮﺒﺟ Gabriel (force de Dieu, en hébreu), archange, honoré le 18 mars. L'ange Gabriel futenvoyé de Dieu à la sainte Vierge pour lui annoncer qu'elle avait été choisie pour être la mère du Sauveur. C'est la fête de l'Annonciation, que l'Église célèbre le 25 mars.
Parmi les personnages remarquables qui ont porté le nom de Gabriel on peut surtout nommer Mirabeau, orateur français (1749-1791).
Abraham - masc. proper name, name of the first of the patriarchs in O.T., from Heb. Abraham "father of a multitude," from abh "father" + *raham (cognate with Ar. ruham "multitude"); the name he altered from Abram "high father," from second element ram "high, exalted."
Islam ﻡﻼﺳﺇ
Ismael ﻞﻳﻋﺎﻤﺳﺇ
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region> ﻞﻳﺋﺍﺮﺳﺇ prince of god
Jih
alchemy - 1362, from O.Fr. alkemie, from M.L. alkimia, from Ar. al-kimiya, from Gk. khemeioa (found c.300 C.E. in a decree of Diocletian against "the old writings of the Egyptians"), all meaning "alchemy." Perhaps from an old name for <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region> (Khemia, lit. "land of black earth," found in Plutarch), or from Gk. khymatos "that which is poured out," from khein "to pour," related to khymos "juice, sap." The word seems to have elements of both origins.
"Mahn ... concludes, after an elaborate investigation, that Gr. khymeia was probably the original, being first applied to pharmaceutical chemistry, which was chiefly concerned with juices or infusions of plants; that the pursuits of the Alexandrian alchemists were a subsequent development of chemical study, and that the notoriety of these may have caused the name of the art to be popularly associated with the ancient name of Egypt." [O.E.D.]
The al- is the Ar. definite article, "the." The art and the name adopted by the Arabs from Alexandrians and thence returned to <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> via <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Alchemy was the "chemistry" of the Middle Ages and early modern times, since c.1600 applied distinctively to the pursuit of the transmutation of baser metals into gold, which, along with the search for the universal solvent and the panacea, were the chief occupations of early chemistry.
Koran Alcoran - older form of Koran, 1366, from O.Fr. alcoran, from Ar. al-quran "the Koran" (see Koran). ad
Kuhul alcohol - 1543, "fine powder produced by sublimination," from M.L. alcohol "powdered ore of antimony," from Ar. al-kuhul "kohl," the fine metallic powder used to darken the eyelids, from kahala "to stain, paint." The al- is the Ar. definite article, "the." "Powdered cosmetic" was the earliest sense in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Eng.</st1:place></st1:country-region>; definition broadened 1672 to "any subliminated substance, the pure spirit of anything." Modern sense of "intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor" is first recorded 1753, short for alcohol of wine, which was extended to "the intoxicating element in fermented liquors." In organic chemistry, the word was extended 1850 to the class of compounds of the same type as this. Alcoholism "disease of alcohol addiction" is from 1852; alcoholic "one who is addicted to drinking in excess" is from 1891. Alcoholics Anonymous founded 1935 in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Akron</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Ohio</st1:state>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place> Alky is first recorded 1844 as a slang shortening of "alcoholic liquor;" 1960 in the sense of "a drunkard."
-aholic - abstracted from alcoholic first in sugarholic (1965), later in workaholic (1968), golfaholic (1971), chocoholic (1976), and shopaholic (1984).
almanac - c.1391, attested in Anglo-L. from 1267, via O.Fr. almanach or M.L. almanachus from Spanish-Arabic al-manakh "calendar, almanac" (occurring nowhere else in Arabic), possibly ult. from Late Gk. almenichiakon "calendar," probably of Coptic origin. This word has been the subject of much speculation; its central syllable may be from or influenced by the PIE root of Mod.E. moon and month.
alphabet - 1567 (implied in alphabetical), from L.L. alphabetum (Tertullian), from Gk. alphabetos, from alpha + beta, the first two letters of it, from Heb.-Phoen. aleph, pausal form of eleph "ox" + beth, lit. "house;" the letters so called because their shapes resembled or represented those objects. The Greeks added -a to the end of many Heb.-Phoenician letter names because Gk. words cannot end in most consonants. Alphabet soup first attested 1907.
amen - O.E., from L.L. amen, from Gk. amen, from Heb., "truth," used adverbially as an expression of agreement (e.g. Deut. xxvii.26, I Kings i.36; cf. Mod.Eng. verily, surely, absolutely in the same sense), from Sem. root a-m-n "to be trustworthy, confirm, support." Used in O.E. only at the end of Gospels, otherwise translated as Soðlic! or Swa hit ys, or Sy!. As an expression of concurrence after prayers, it is recorded from
Arab (n.) - c.1391 (Arabiens), from O.Fr. Arabe, from L. Arabs (acc. Arabem), from Gk. Araps (gen. Arabos), from Ar. 'arab, indigenous name of the people, perhaps lit. "inhabitant of the desert" (rel. to Heb. arabha "desert"). As a prized type of horse, it is attested from 1666. Meaning "homeless little wanderer, child of the street" is from 1848, in ref. to nomadic ways. Arab League formed in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cairo</st1:place></st1:city>, <st1:date month="3" day="22" year="1945" w:st="on">March 22, 1945</st1:date>. Arabic numerals (actually Indian) first attested 1727; they were introduced in <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> by Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) after a visit to Islamic Spain in 967-970. A prominent man of science, he taught in the diocesan school at <st1:place w:st="on">Reims</st1:place>, but the numbers made little headway against fierce conservative opposition in the Church until after the Crusades. The earliest depiction of them in Eng., in "The Crafte of Nombrynge" (c.1350) correctly identifies them as "teen figurys of Inde."
arabesque - 1611, "Moorish or Arabic ornamental design," from Fr. arabesque, from It. arabesco, from Arabo "Arab," with reference to Moorish architecture. As a ballet pose, first attested 1830. Musical sense, in ref. to an ornamented theme, is from 1864, originally the title given by Robert Schumann to one of his piano pieces
Avicenna - Latinization of name of Ibn Sina (980-1037) Arab philosopher and physician of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Persia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Babil Babel - capital of Babylon, 1382, from Heb. Babhel (Gen. ix), from Akkadian bab-ilu "Gate of God" (from bab "gate" + ilu "god"). The name is a translation of Sumerian Ka-dingir. Meaning "confused medley of sounds" (1529) is from the biblical story of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></st1:place>.
Bedouin - c.1400, from Fr. bedouin, from Ar. badawin "desert-dwellers," pl. of badawi, from badw "desert, camp." A word from the Crusades, it probably was lost and then reborrowed from Fr. in 17c.
baksheesh - 1625, in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>, etc., "a tip," from Pers. bakhshish, lit. "gift," from verb bakhshidan "to give."
Gabriel - name of an archangel in O.T., from Heb. Gabhri el, lit. "man of God," from gebher "man" + El "God." First element is from base of verb gabhar "was strong" (cf. Ar. jabr "strong, young man;" jabbar "tyrant").
gender - c.1300, from O.Fr. gendre, from stem of L. genus (gen. generis) "kind, sort, gender," also "sex" (see genus); used to translate from Gk. Aristotle's grammatical term genos. As sex took on erotic qualities in 20c., gender came to be used for "sex of a human being," often in feminist writing with reference to social attributes as much as biological qualities; this sense first attested 1963. Gender-bender is first attested 1980, with reference to pop star David Bowie.
Muslim Das Muslim geht auf Islam zurück welche “Frieden” bedeutet. Das bedeutet aber nicht dass Islam Frieden propagiert. Namen können genau das Gegenteil eine Sache sein. Vgl. Namen wie Christentum, Kommunismus, Nazi. Außerdem kommen sie nicht so häufig vor wie andere Wörter wie: ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ DerWurzel SLM in der Grundstamm َﻢَـﻠَـﺳ salama bedeutet: sicher sein, heil sein, vollständig sein, frei sein; II n der zweiten Stamm ﻢّـﻠﺳ sal-lama bedeutet „übergeben ein (Geldbetrag), ausliefern, üerbringen, zugeben zustimmen, sich ergebenein Vertrag ewahren, von Schaden fernhalten, unversehrt übergeben, unterwerfen,
zustimmen, grüßen; III in der dritte Stamm َﻢَـﻠﺳﺍ aslama Frieden halten, (mit jem.) Frieden schließen; IV verlassen, aufgeben, sich hingeben; V empfangen, übernehmen; VI sich miteinander versöhnen, miteinander Friedenschließen.
Qaara ﺓﺭﺎﻗ
QURAN
Ramadan
Sabah Es ist interessant festzustellen dass das Wort sabah und misbah
Salam ﻡﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﻳﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻢﻜﻠﻳﻠﻋ ﻡﻼﺳ
Samuel
Umm aunt - 1297, from Anglo-Fr. aunte, from O.Fr. ante, from L. amita "paternal aunt" dim. of *amma a baby-talk or non-I.E. word for "mother" (cf. Gk. amma "mother," O.N. amma "grandmother," M.Ir. ammait "old hag," Heb. em, Arabic umm "mother"). Extended senses include "an old woman, a gossip" (1590); "a procuress" (1678); and "any benevolent woman," in Amer.Eng., where auntie was recorded since c.1790 as "a term often used in accosting elderly women."
Waqf
Arabische Sternnamen in Europa; Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz) 1959